Desalination batteries utilized common materials, and it will be a promising energy device due to high energy efficiency at room temperature compared to the conventional desalination techniques. The desalination batteries could have a seletivity about sodium and chlorine ions.

Store energy through surface absorption of ions on electrode material (EDLC) or using multiple faradaic reaction of metal oxides (Pseudo-capacitor). Electrode materials fabricated through various methods, such as hydrothermal, electro-deposition, or wet chemical method. Depending on active material, electrolyte can be aqueous or organic. Nowadays most of supercapacitor research devoted on flexible device application or maximizing its energy density while sustain its power density.

A fuel cell has basically utilized that electricity has been used to reduced oxygen and hydrogen from water and then we could obtain electric energy from the oxygen and the hydrogen, Fuel cell was categotized PEMFC, DMFC, AFC, and PAFC based on the reaction mechanism. The types have been used depending on a system size and the efficiency to utilize various fields. Among the fuel cells, we have studied the direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), the DMFCS is a fuel cell to use methanol as a fuel material. Recently, in DMFCs studes, the electrodes have been used a low-cost materials such as nickel t…

Industrial and economic activities have released high volumes of greenhouse gases such as CO2. Consequently, this leads to a rise in the temperature of the earth’s surface and atmosphere, resulting in global warming and climate change. Most research was focused on capturing and storing greenhouse gases so far. However, recently there has been growing interest in utilizing the carbon and oxygen atoms of CO2 molecules as a resource. Since CO2 is the most stable form of carbon compounds, it is essential to have an external source of energy to convert CO2 to a useful compound. We studied conversio…